Ralph    V.D. Magoffin and Frederic Duncalf, Ancient and Medieval History (New York: Silver Burdett and Company, 1934), pp. 449, 673. See also Barnet Litvinoff, The Burning Bush (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1988), pp. 53-4, 74-5, 80-5, 199.

                Roberts,           The Triumph of the West, p. 180.

                Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1999) and The Third Chim­

panzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal (New York: HarperCollins, 1992).

               David    Fromkin, A Peace to End all Peace (New York: Avon Books, 1989), p. 46.

                Jaques  Benoist-Mechin, The End of The Ottoman Empire (ISBN 3-89434-008-8, no publisher or date noted), p. 104; see also, Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace, esp. pp. 46-48, 95.

                              Benoist-Mechin,          End of the Ottoman Empire, p. 104.

                              Benoist-Mechin,          End of the Ottoman Empire, p. 104.

                              Benoist-Mechin,          End of the Ottoman Empire, pp. 162-63.

                              Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace, p. 66; Christopher Layne, “America’s Stake in Soviet Stability,” World Policy Journal (Winter 1990-91): esp. pp. 66-67; Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957), p. 19.

        Polanyi, Great Transformation, p. 19.

        Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace, pp. 28-29; see also pp. 49, 66.

        Layne, “America’s Stake in Soviet Stability,” pp. 66-67.

        Feroz Ahmad, “Arab Nationalism, Radicalism, and the Specter of Neocolonialism,” Monthly Review (Feb. 1991): pp. 30­

31.

        Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace, pp. 509, 534. See also Noam Chomsky, “Oppose the War,” Z Magazine (Feb. 1991): p. 62.